By 
By Mark Campbell, Sales Engineering Manager at NETSCOUT
As organisations adopt cloud platforms, remote work models and connected devices, their digital footprint continues to grow – and with it, their exposure to cyber risk.
RELATED: Why attack surface management must look both inside and out
With every new application, endpoint and connection creating another potential entry point for attackers, organisations must understand their full environment to defend it effectively. This is the foundation of attack surface management (ASM), a visibility-driven approach that helps security teams identify, assess and mitigate risk across the entire digital ecosystem – from public-facing IPs to internal applications, services and network infrastructure.
Without this visibility into your environment, it’s impossible to see where vulnerabilities exist or how attackers might exploit them. ASM is able to provide continuous insight, helping teams recognise exposure, detect anomalies and respond faster to potential threats.
A guide to effective ASM deployment
An effective ASM strategy involves several key steps. The first is asset identification, which involves mapping all digital assets, including devices, cloud workloads and services, to understand what’s actually connected to the environment. This is crucial for uncovering hidden or forgotten assets that could become weak points.
Next is traffic monitoring. This is the continuous monitoring of network traffic, which provides visibility into communication patterns and helps detect anomalies that may indicate malicious activity.
Then comes risk assessment. By evaluating vulnerabilities, misconfigurations and exposures, organisations can prioritise remediation efforts based on potential impact.
This is followed by customised visualisation, where ASM dashboards and analytics are tailored to specific organisational needs, enabling faster, more informed decision-making.
The final phase is real-time event detection. Here, analytics that detect suspicious or unusual behaviour in real time are implemented to help ensure timely response and mitigation.
Together, these steps establish a proactive framework for understanding and managing the attack surface, rather than reacting after a breach occurs.
Internal versus external ASM: What’s the difference?
A complete ASM approach looks both outward and inward. External ASM focuses on internet-facing assets such as websites, cloud applications and third-party integrations – the points where an organisation connects to the outside world. Monitoring these helps detect external threats, such as scanning or attempted exploitation from unknown sources.
Internal ASM, by contrast, provides visibility into internal network assets and communications. This allows organisations to uncover misconfigurations, unpatched systems, or rogue devices that could be exploited from within. Internal visibility also supports stronger traffic policies, which can act as early warning tripwires for insider threats or lateral movement attempts.
By combining internal and external perspectives, organisations can achieve a truly holistic view of their security posture; one that detects both inbound threats and internal weaknesses before they become incidents.
Building resilience through visibility
 Ultimately, effective ASM is centred around awareness: knowing what you have, how it behaves and where it’s exposed. Visibility enables resilience, allowing security teams to detect and respond to threats before they disrupt operations.
